Person Page - 4471

Elizabeth ?¹

• Birth*: circa 1845; per marriage reg'n. of dau. Beatrice Faith (Ball) and George Samuel Stanton.¹
• Marriage*: circa 1870; per marriage reg'n. of dau. Beatrice Faith (Ball) and George Samuel Stanton.; Principal=George Ball¹

• Married Name: circa 1870; Ball¹

Ellen Reeta Stanton^1,2,3,4,5

• Father*: Samuel George Stanton² b. 1 Oct 1871, d. 1 Feb 1956
• Mother*: Beatrice Faith Ball² b. 2 Apr 1877

• Birth*: 10 May 1911; Conc 1, Lot 13, Cramahe Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Birth Reg'n.#035646: Name; Elen Stanton; Date: May 10 1911; Place: Conc 1 Lot 13, Cramahe Twp.; Parents: Samuel G. Stanton, farmer & Beatrice Ball; Married; Colborne; Phys.: Dr. R. J. Wade, Brighton; Inf.: Samuel G. Stanton, Brighton, father; Reg;d.: May 11 1911; Reg'r.: C. A. Wilson, Cramahe Twp. (Ontario Birth Registration, #035646-1911, ancestry.ca) Date 1911 per CemSearch. Date May 1901 & location Ont. per 1911 Census. Date 1911 & location Brighton per marriage reg'n.^2,3,4,6
• Marriage*: 16 September 1932; Peterborough, Peterborough Co., Ontario; Marriage Reg'n.#016557: Groom: Frederick Mendelle Peryer; Age: 21; Res. & Born: Peterborough; Status: bachelor; Occ.: pattern maker; Rel.: United Church; Parents: William Henry & Edith Peryer; Bride: Ellen Reeta Stanton; Age: 21; Res.: Peterborough; Born: Brighton; Status: spinster; Occ.: waitress; Rel.: United Church; Parents: Samuel George Stanton & Beatrice Faith Ball; Expected Place of Marr.: Peterborough; Wit.: Charles Howard Kennedy & ?? (have no idea??); Date: Sep 16 1932; Place: Peterboroug; Sworn: Peterborough, Sep 13 1932; Reg'r.: S. R. Armstrong, Peterborough (Ontario Marriage Registration, #016557-1932, ancestry.ca); Principal=Frederick Mendelle Peryer⁷
• Death*: 1978; Ontario; Date 1978 per CemSearch.⁴
• Burial*: 1978; Little Lake Cemetery, Peterborough, Peterborough Co., Ontario; CemSearch: Name: Ellen R. Peryer; Maiden: Stanton; Born: 1911; Died: 1978; ID: LITTLKB220; Other names: Peryer, Frederick N. (1911-1997); Cemetery: Little Lake Cemetery, Haggart St., Peterborough, Sec B Row 24; Note: groundstone, wife of Frederick N. Peryer (https://www.cemsearch.ca/burial/?pid=LITTLKB220%5E1)⁴

• Census*: June 1911; Conc 1 Lot 16, Cramahe Twp., Northumberland East Co., Ontario; Age 1 month at 1911 Census: see Samuel George Stanton²
• Married Name: 16 September 1932; Peryer³

Frederick Mendelle Peryer¹

• Father*: Wlliam Henry Peryer² b. 13 Nov 1886, d. 5 Nov 1954
• Mother*: Edith Moynes² b. c 1888, d. 3 Aug 1936

• Birth*: 1911; Peterborough, Peterborough Co., Ontario; Date 1911 per CemSearch. Date 1911 & location Peterborough per marr. reg'n.^1,2
• Marriage*: 16 September 1932; Peterborough, Peterborough Co., Ontario; Marriage Reg'n.#016557: Groom: Frederick Mendelle Peryer; Age: 21; Res. & Born: Peterborough; Status: bachelor; Occ.: pattern maker; Rel.: United Church; Parents: William Henry & Edith Peryer; Bride: Ellen Reeta Stanton; Age: 21; Res.: Peterborough; Born: Brighton; Status: spinster; Occ.: waitress; Rel.: United Church; Parents: Samuel George Stanton & Beatrice Faith Ball; Expected Place of Marr.: Peterborough; Wit.: Charles Howard Kennedy & ?? (have no idea??); Date: Sep 16 1932; Place: Peterboroug; Sworn: Peterborough, Sep 13 1932; Reg'r.: S. R. Armstrong, Peterborough (Ontario Marriage Registration, #016557-1932, ancestry.ca); Principal=Ellen Reeta Stanton³
• Death*: 1997; Ontario; Date 1997 per CemSearch.²
• Burial*: 1997; Little Lake Cemetery, Peterborough, Peterborough Co., Ontario; CemSearch: Name: Frederick M. Peryer; Born: 1911; Died: 1997; ID: LITTLKB220; Other names: Peryer, Ellen R. [Stanton](1911-1987); Cemetery: Little Lake Cemetery, Haggart St., Peterborough, Sec B Row 24; Note: groundstone, husband of Ellen Stanton (https://www.cemsearch.ca/burial/?pid=LITTLKB220%5E0)²

• Residence*: 16 September 1932; Peterborough, Peterborough Co., Ontario; Residence Peterborough per marr. reg'n.¹

Wlliam Henry Peryer¹

• Birth*: 13 November 1886; Date Nov 13 1886 per CemSearch. per marriage reg'n. of son Frederick Mendelle Peryer & Ellen Reeta Stanton.^1,2
• Marriage*: circa 1910; per marriage reg'n. of Frederck Mendelle Peryer and Ellen Reeta Stanton.; Principal=Edith Moynes¹
• Death*: 5 November 1954; Ontario; Date Nov 5 1954 per CemSearch.¹
• Burial*: 7 November 1954; Little Lake Cemetery, Peterborough, Peterborough Co., Ontario; CemSearch: Name: William H. Peryer; Born: Nov 13 1886; Died: Nov 5 1954; ID: LITTLKM0894; No other names; Cemetery: Little Lake Cemetery, Haggart St., Peterborough, Sec M Row 18; Note: Ground stone, Capt. Bandmaster (https://www.cemsearch.ca/burial/?pid=LITTLKM0894%5E0)¹

Edith Moynes¹

• Birth*: circa 1888; per marriage reg'n. of Frederck Mendelle Peryer and Ellen Reeta Stanton. No date per CemSearch.^1,2
• Marriage*: circa 1910; per marriage reg'n. of Frederck Mendelle Peryer and Ellen Reeta Stanton.; Principal=Wlliam Henry Peryer¹
• Death*: 3 August 1936; Ontario; Date Aug 3 1936 per CemSearch.¹

• Married Name: circa 1910; Peryer¹

Blanche Stanton¹

• Father*: Samuel George Stanton¹ b. 1 Oct 1871, d. 1 Feb 1956
• Mother*: Beatrice Faith Ball¹ b. 2 Apr 1877

• Birth*: 29 October 1909; Conc 1 Lot 13, Cramahe Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Birth Reg'n.#034629: Name: Blanche Stanton; Date: Oct 29 1909; Location: Conc 1, Lot 13, Cramahe Twp.; Parents: Samuel G. Stanton, farmer & Beatrice F. Ball; Married: Colborne, Nov 1 1897; Phys.: Dr. Wade; Inf.: Samuel G. Stanton, father, Brighton; Reg'd.: Jan 24 1910; Reg'r.: C. A. Wilson, Cramahe (Birth Registration, #034629-1909, ancestry.ca)²
• Death*: 29 October 1909; Conc 1 Lot 13, Cramahe Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Date Oct 29 1909 per CemSearch.³
• Burial*: 30 October 1909; Northumberland Co., Ontario; CemSearch: Name: Blanche Stanton; Born: Oct 29 1909; Died: Oct 29 1909; ID: Unknown; No other names: Cemetery: unknown; Note: Born and died Cramahe Township; died infantile weakness. Daughter of Samuel G. Stanton of London, England and Beatrice F. Ball of Manchester, England. Info from Cramahe Township Death Registers. (https://www.cemsearch.ca/burial/?pid=UNKNWN%403294%5E0)³

Cyril Hare¹

• Father*: Walter Hare¹ b. 10 Jan 1868, d. 1949
• Mother*: Louisa Eastwood¹ b. 28 Jan 1871, d. 25 Aug 1960

• Birth*: 20 December 1897; Yorkshire, England; Date Dec 20 1897 per SS Death Index. Date 1899 & location England per 1930 US Fed Census. Date 1898 & location England per 1921 Census. Date Dec 1896 & location England per 1911 Census. Date 1898 & location England per 1901 England Census. Date 1897 & location Yorkshire, England per marriage reg'n.^1,2,3,4,5,6
• Marriage*: 8 February 1918; Toronto, York Co., Ontario; Marriage Reg'n.#001535: Groom: Cyril Hare; Age: 21; Res.: Brighton; Born: Yorkshire, England; Status; bachelor; Occ.: Store Clerk; Rel.: CE; Parents: Water Hare & Luoisa Eastwood; Bride: Gertrude Stanton; Age: 20; Res.: 35 Douglas Drive, ?TO?; Born: Brighton; Status: spinster; Occ.: domestic; Rel.: CE; Parents: Samuel Stanton & Beatrice Ball; Expected Res.: Toronto; Wit.: Paul & E. Hoffman, 213 Carlton St., TO; Date: Feb 8 1918; Place: Toronto; Performed by: E. Hoffman, 213 Carlton St., TO, Lutheran; Sworn: Toronto, Feb 8 1918; Reg'r.: M. Freiburg, Toronto (Ontario Marriage Registration, #011535-1918, ancestry.ca); Principal=Jennie "Gertrude" Stanton⁷
• Death*: April 1969; Brockport, Monroe Co., New York, U.S.A.; US Social Security Death Index: Name: Cyril Hare; "Birth Date: Dec 20 1897; Issue State: NY; Last Res.: .. Brockport, Monroe Co., NY; Death Date: Apr 1969 (US Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014, ancestry.ca)⁴

• Census: 1901; 26 Nicholson St., Beverley, West Sculcoates, Yorkshire, England; Age 3 at 1901 England Census: see Walter Hare⁶
• Census: 1911; 16 Hamburgh Ave., Toronto, York South Co., Ontario; Age 14 at 1911 Census: see Walter Hare⁵
• Note*: 1916; France; "GUNNER CYRIL HARE. (Cobourg Heavy Battery) Son of Mr. and Mrs. Walter Hare, Ontario St. His brother, Pte. Stanley Hare, 2nd Batt., Canadians, has been fighting in France for over a year." from pg. 034 of Newspaper Clippings, a collection donated by Shawnee Spencer to the Brighton Digital Archives, 2022.
  Note: Stanley Hare was killed at Courcelette on Oct. 7, 1916.⁸
• Residence*: 8 February 1918; Brighton, Northumberland Co., Ontario; Residence Brighton per marriage reg'n.¹
• Census: 10 June 1921; Ward 2, Brighton, Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 23 at 1921 Census: Hare, Cyril, 23, b. England, p.b. England, immig. 1907, Eng., CE, farmer, married; Gertrude, 23, b. Ont., p.b. England, Eng., CE, married; Dorothy, 2, b. Ont., p.b. England & Ont., Eng., CE, dau.; Ruth, 6/12, b. Ont., p.b. Eng. & Ont., Eng., CE (1921 Census: Brighton Village, Northumberland Co., dist. 16 of 31, line 17, ancestry.ca)³
• Immigration*: 1923; New York, U.S.A.; Immigration 1923 per 1930 US Fed Census.²
• Census*: 5 April 1930; Brockport, Monroe Co., New York, U.S.A.; Age 31 at 1930 US Fed Census: Hare, Cyril., 31, b. England, p.b. England, age 20 1st marr., immig. 1923, Carpenter, married; Gertrude, 31, b. Cda., Eng, p.b. England, age 20 1st marr., immig. 1923, Eng., married; Dorothy J., 11, b. Cda. Eng., p.b. Eng. & Cda. Eng., immig. 1923, dau.; Ruth M., 9, b. Cda. Eng., p.b. Eng. & Cda. Eng., immig. 1923, dau.; Marguerite I., 7, b. NY, p.b. Eng. & Cda., dau.; Bessie M., 3 11/12, b. NY, p.b. Eng. & Cda., dau.; George R., 1 6/12, b. NY, p.b. Eng. & Cda., son (1930 US Fed Census: Village of Brockport, Monroe Co, New York, pg. 6 of 72, line 68, ancestry.ca)²

Walter Hare¹

• Birth*: 10 January 1868; Guisborough, Yorkshire, England; Date 1870 & location England per 1921 Census. Date Jan 1869 & location England per 1911 Census. Date 1869 & locaiton Guisborough, Yorkshire per 1901 England Census. per marriage reg'n. of son Cyril Hare and Gertrude Stanton. Date Jan 10 1868 & location Guisborough, Yorkshire, England per family tree of BrianHigginsMichigan on ancestry.ca, Dec 28 2022.^1,2,3,4,5
• Marriage*: before 1895; Yorkshire, England; Marriage in England per 1901 England Census. per marriage reg'n. of son Cyril Hare and Gertrude Stanton.; Principal=Louisa Eastwood^1,3
• Death*: 1949; Brighton, Northumberland Co., Ontario; Date 1949 per & location Brighton per FindaGrave. Date 1949 & location Brighton per family tree of BrianHigginsMichigan on ancestry.ca, Dec 28 2022.^2,6
• Burial*: 1949; Prospect Cemetery, Toronto, York Co., Ontario; FindaGrave: Name: Walter Hare; BIRTH: 10 Jan 1869, Guisborough, North Yorkshire, England; DEATH: 1949 (aged 79–80), Brighton, Northumberland County, Ontario, Canada; BURIAL: Prospect Cemetery, Toronto, York Co., Ontario, Canada; PLOT: Section 24, Lot 770N; MEMORIAL ID: 116372573 (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/116372573/walter-hare?_gl=1*8mqz81*_ga*MTM2OTMxODYxNS4xNjM1ODgwODE4*_ga_4QT8FMEX30*MTY3MjI0NTk4My4zNTguMS4xNjcyMjgyNzE4LjQ4LjAuMA..)⁶

• Census*: 1901; 26 Nicholson St., Beverley, West Sculcoates, Yorkshire, Engand; 1901 England Census: Hare, Walter, 32, b. Guisboro, Yorkshire, general green dealer, on own account at home, married; Louisa, 30, b. Manchester, Lancashire, married; Stanley, 4, b. Hull, Yorkshire, son; Cyril, 3, b. Hull, Yorkshire, son (1901 England Census; Beverley, West Sculcoates, Yorkshire, England, pg. 48 of 51 - 26 Nicholson St. - ancestry.ca)³
• Immigration*: 1906; Ontario; Immigration 1906 per 1911 Census.⁴
• Census: 1911; 16 Hamburgh Ave., Toronto, York South, Ontario; Age 42 at 1911 Census: Hare, Walter, 42, b. England Jan 1869, Eng., Pres., teamster, immig. 1906, married; Louisa, 40, b. England Mar 1871, Eng., Pres., immig. 1906, married; Stanley, 10, b. England Oct 1895, Eng., Pres., immig. 1906, son; Cyril, 14, England Dec 1896, Eng., Pres., immig. 1906, son; Irene, 8, b. England Feb 1903, Eng., Pres., immig. 1906, dau.; Roland, 3, b. Ont. Dec 1907, Eng., Pres., son; Kathleen, ?, b. Ont. May 1911, Eng., Pres., dau. (1911 Census: Toronto, York South Co., dist. 138, sub-dist. 2 - 93 Ward 6, Pg. 88 of 110, line 14 - 16 Hamburgh Ave., Toronto - ancestry.ca)⁴
• Census: 14 June 1921; Brighton Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 51 at 1921 Census: Hare, Walter, 51, b. England, p.b. England, immig. 1907, Eng., CE, farmer, married; Louisa, 50, b. England, p.b. England, immig 1907, Eng., CE, married; Irene, 17, b. England, p.b. England, Eng., CE, immig. 1907, dau.; Roland, 13, b. Ont., p.b. England, Eng., CE, son; Kathleen, 10, b. Ont., p.b. England, Eng., CE, dau. (1921 Census: Brighton Twp., Northumberland Co., dist. 107, sub-dist. 2, pg. 6, line 20 - ancestry.ca)⁵

Louisa Eastwood¹

• Birth*: 28 January 1871; Manchester, Lancashire, England; Date Jan 28 1871 & location Salford, Central Bedfordshire UNitary Authority, Bedfordshire, England per FindaGrave. Date 1871 & location England per 1921 Census. Date 1871 & location England per 1911 Census. Date 1871 & location Manchester, Lancashire, England per 1901 England Census. per marriage reg'n. of son Cyril Hare and Gertrude Stanton.^1,2,3,4,5
• Marriage*: before 1895; Yorkshire, England; Marriage in England per 1901 England Census. per marriage reg'n. of son Cyril Hare and Gertrude Stanton.; Principal=Walter Hare^1,2
• Death*: 25 August 1960; Guelph, Wellington Co., Ontario; Date Aug 25 1960 & location Guelph, Wellington Co. per FindaGrave.⁴
• Burial*: 27 August 1960; Prospect Cemetery, Toronto, York Co., Ontario; FindaGrave: Name: Louisa Eastwood Hare; BIRTH: 28 Jan 1871, Salford, Bedfordshire, England; DEATH: 25 Aug 1960 (aged 89), Guelph, Wellington County, Ontario, Canada; BURIAL: Prospect Cemetery, Toronto, York Co., Ontario, Canada; PLOT: Section 24, Lot 770N; MEMORIAL ID: 224038123 (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/224038123/louisa-hare)⁴

• Married Name: before 1895; Hare¹
• Census*: 1901; 26 Nicholson St., Beverley, West Sculcoates, Yorkshire, England; Age 30 at 1901 England Census: see Walter Hare²
• Census: 1911; 16 Hamburgh Ave., Toronto, York South Co., Ontario; Age 40 at 1911 Census: see Walter Hare³
• Census: 14 June 1921; Brighton Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 50 at 1921 Census: see Walter Hare⁵

James De Voogel^1,2

• Father*: Jan De Voogel² b. c 1865
• Mother*: Wilhemlmina Brand² b. c 1865

• Birth*: 1899; Holland; Date 1899 per FindaGrave. Date 1900 & location Holland per marriage license.^2,3
• Marriage*: 17 June 1922; Wilson, Niagara Co., New York, U.S.A.; Marriage License: Groom: James De Voogal; Age: 22; Res.: Wilson, NY; Born: Holland; Status: bachelor; Occ.: farmer; Parents: Jan De Voogal & Wilhelmina Brand, b. Holland; Bride: Eva M. Stanton; Age: 22; Res.: Wilson, NY; Born: Brighton, Ont.; Status: spinster; Parents: Samuel G. Stanton, b. London, England & Beatrice Ball, b. Birmingham, England; Wit.: Mrs. Elma Farrell, Wilson NY & Mrs. Geo. F. Haines, Wilson, NY; Performed by: Rev. Geo. Freeman, Haines, Wilson, NY; Reg'd.: June 17 1922; Town Clerk: Arthur M. Dobbs (New York County Marriage Licenses, Niagara County, 1917-1922, pg. 126 of 504, ancestry.ca); Principal=Eva May Stanton²
• Death*: 1975; Niagara Co., New York, U.S.A.; Date 1975 per FindaGrave.³
• Burial*: 1975; Corwin Cemetery, Newfane, Niagara Co., New York, U.S.A.; FindaGrave: Name: James M De Voogel; BIRTH: 1899; DEATH: 1975 (aged 75–76); BURIAL:
  Corwin Cemetery, Newfane, Niagara County, New York, USA; MEMORIAL ID: 43471920 (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/43471920/james-m-de_voogel)³

Jan De Voogel¹

• Birth*: circa 1865; Holland; per marriage license of dau. Eva May Stanton & James De Voogal.¹
• Marriage*: circa 1895; Holland; per marriage license of dau. Eva May Stanton & James De Voogal.; Principal=Wilhemlmina Brand¹

Wilhemlmina Brand¹

• Birth*: circa 1865; Holland; per marriage license of dau. Eva May Stanton & James De Voogal.¹
• Marriage*: circa 1895; Holland; per marriage license of dau. Eva May Stanton & James De Voogal.; Principal=Jan De Voogel¹

• Married Name: circa 1895; De Voogel¹

Dorothy J. Hare^1,2

• Father*: Cyril Hare² b. 20 Dec 1897, d. Apr 1969
• Mother*: Jennie "Gertrude" Stanton² b. 16 Mar 1899, d. Dec 1985

• Birth*: 1919; Ontario; Date 1919 & location Cda. Eng. per 1930 US Fed Census. Date 1919 & location Ont. per 1921 Census.^2,3

• Census: 10 June 1921; Brighton, Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 2 at 1921 Census: see Cyril Hare³
• Immigration*: 1923; New York, U.S.A.; Immigration 1923 per 1930 US Fed Census.²
• Census*: 5 April 1930; Brockport, Monroe Co., New York, U.S.A.; Age 11 at 1930 US Fed Census: see Cyril Hare²

Mary Ann ?^1,2

• Birth*: 1876; Bishopsgate, London, England; Date 1876 & locaiton Bishopsgate, London per 1911 England Census.²
• Marriage*: 1898; England; Date 1898 per 1911 England Census.; Principal=Thomas Stanton²

• Married Name: 1898; Stanton²
• Census*: 1911; East Tottenham, Tottenham, Middlesex Co., England; Age 35 at 1911 England Census: see Thomas Stanton²

Mary Ann Stanton¹

• Father*: Thomas Stanton¹ b. Apr 1875
• Mother*: Mary Ann ?¹ b. 1876

• Birth*: 1899; Hackney, London, England; Date 1899 & location Hackney, London per 1911 England Census.¹

• Census*: 1911; East Tottenham, Tottenham, Middlesex Co., England; Age 12 at 1911 England Census: see Thomas Stanton¹

Thomas Stanton¹

• Father*: Thomas Stanton¹ b. Apr 1875
• Mother*: Mary Ann ?¹ b. 1876

• Birth*: 1901; Hackney, London, England; Date 1901 & location Hackney, London per 1911 England Census.¹

• Census*: 1911; East Tottenham, Tottenham, Middlesex Co., England; Age 10 at 1911 England Census: see Thomas Stanton¹

Joseph Stanton¹

• Father*: Thomas Stanton¹ b. Apr 1875
• Mother*: Mary Ann ?¹ b. 1876

• Birth*: 1904; Tottenham, Middlesex Co., England; Date 1904 & location Tottenham, Middlesex Co. per 1911 England Census.¹

• Census*: 1911; East Tottenham, Tottenham, Middlesex Co., England; Age 7 at 1911 England Census: see Thomas Stanton¹

William John Stanton¹

• Father*: Thomas Stanton¹ b. Apr 1875
• Mother*: Mary Ann ?¹ b. 1876

• Birth*: 1909; Tottenham, Middlesex Co., England; Date 1909 & location Tottenham, Middlesex Co. per 1911 England Census.¹

• Census*: 1911; East Tottenham, Tottenham, Middlesex Co., England; Age 2 at 1911 England Census: see Thomas Stanton¹

James Franklin Palmer¹

• Father*: Franklin "Frank" Palmer¹ b. 5 Aug 1886, d. 14 Jan 1954
• Mother*: Harriett Victoria Maud Stanton¹ b. 4 Jan 1897, d. 1990

• Birth*: 15 February 1920; Cobourg, Northumberland Co., Ontario; Date Feb 15 1920 & location Cobourg per family tree of Teresa Palmer on ancestry.ca, Dec 20 2020.¹
• Marriage*: circa 1946; Ontario; per family tree of Teresa Palmer on ancestry.ca, Dec 20 2020.; Principal=Marion Francis Morton¹
• Death*: 1986; Colborne, Northumberland Co., Ontario; Date 1986 & location Colborne per family tree of Teresa Palmer on ancestry.ca, Dec 20 2020.¹

Marion Francis Morton¹

• Father*: Albert Morton¹ b. 1895, d. 1969
• Mother*: Lydia Cooley¹ b. 1896, d. 1983

• Birth*: 22 October 1924; Colborne, Northumberland Co., Ontario; per family tree of Teresa Palmer on ancestry.ca, Dec 20 2020.¹
• Marriage*: circa 1946; Ontario; per family tree of Teresa Palmer on ancestry.ca, Dec 20 2020.; Principal=James Franklin Palmer¹
• Death*: April 2003; Colborne, Northumberland Co., Ontario; per family tree of Teresa Palmer on ancestry.ca, Dec 20 2020.¹

• Married Name: circa 1946; Palmer¹