Person Page - 2393

John Langmaid¹

• Birth*: circa 1845; per marriage reg'n. of daughter Annie (Langmaid) Cole.¹
• Marriage*: before 1870; per marriage reg'n. of daughter Annie (Langmaid) Cole.; Principal=Eliza Jane ?¹

Eliza Jane ?¹

• Birth*: circa 1845; per marriage reg'n. of daughter Annie (Langmaid) Cole.¹
• Marriage*: before 1870; per marriage reg'n. of daughter Annie (Langmaid) Cole.; Principal=John Langmaid¹

• Married Name: before 1870; Langmaid¹

Peter Cole¹

• Birth*: circa 1735; per GEDCOM of Nancy A. Daniels, april 1, 2008.¹
• Marriage*: circa 1760; per GEDCOM of Nancy A. Daniels, april 1, 2008.; Principal=Pheobe Richmond¹

Jane Crandell¹

• Birth*: 23 August 1692; per GEDCOM of Nancy Daniels, April 1, 2008.¹
• Marriage*: before 1718; Washington Co., Rhode Island, U.S.A.; per GEDCOM of Nancy Daniels, April 1, 2008.; Principal=Cyrus Richmond¹
• Death*: 26 April 1733; per GEDCOM of Nancy Daniels, April 1, 2008.¹

• Married Name: before 1718; Richmond¹

Lydia Richmond¹

• Father*: Cyrus Richmond¹ b. 1694
• Mother*: Jane Crandell¹ b. 23 Aug 1692, d. 26 Apr 1733

• Birth*: 4 November 1719; Westerly, Washington Co., Rhode Island, U.S.A.; per GEDCOM of Nancy Daniels, April 1, 2008.¹
• Marriage*: 30 March 1744; per GEDCOM of Nancy Daniels, April 1, 2008.; Principal=John Allen¹

• Married Name: 30 March 1744; Allen¹

John Allen¹

• Birth*: circa 1715; per GEDCOM of Nancy Daniels, April 1, 2008.¹
• Marriage*: 30 March 1744; per GEDCOM of Nancy Daniels, April 1, 2008.; Principal=Lydia Richmond¹

Elizabeth Richmond¹

• Father*: Cyrus Richmond¹ b. 1694
• Mother*: Jane Crandell¹ b. 23 Aug 1692, d. 26 Apr 1733

• Birth*: 20 July 1722; Westerly, Washington Co., Rhode Island, U.S.A.; per GEDCOM of Nancy Daniels, April 1, 2008.¹

John Richmond¹

• Father*: Cyrus Richmond¹ b. 1694
• Mother*: Jane Crandell¹ b. 23 Aug 1692, d. 26 Apr 1733

• Birth*: 19 July 1724; Westerly, Washington Co., Rhode Island, U.S.A.; per GEDCOM of Nancy Daniels, April 1, 2008.¹

Ann Richmond¹

• Father*: Cyrus Richmond¹ b. 1694
• Mother*: Jane Crandell¹ b. 23 Aug 1692, d. 26 Apr 1733

• Birth*: 1 September 1726; Westerly, Washington Co., Rhode Island, U.S.A.; per GEDCOM of Nancy Daniels, April 1, 2008.¹

Cyrus Richmond¹

• Father*: Cyrus Richmond¹ b. 1694
• Mother*: Jane Crandell¹ b. 23 Aug 1692, d. 26 Apr 1733

• Birth*: 8 December 1730; Westerly, Washington Co., Rhode Island, U.S.A.; per GEDCOM of Nancy Daniels, April 1, 2008.¹

Peter Cole¹

• Father*: Peter Cole¹ b. 1766, d. 1832
• Mother*: Jane Parliament¹ b. 1776, d. a 1861

• Birth*: 1816; Sophiasburgh Twp., Big Island, Prince Edward Co., Ontario; per IGI Record.²
• Marriage*: 4 December 1842; Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward Co., Ontario; Marriage Register: Groom: Peter Cole; Res.: Sophiasburgh Twp.; Bride: Lucretia Ritchie; Res.: Sophiasburgh Twp.; Date; Dec 4 1842; Wit.: Benjamin S. ?? & Dolly Huff; Performed by: Rev. Richard ?? (Ontario Marriages 1801-1928, Prince Edward County, recorded Sep 15 1843 by D. s. Sanfield - ancestry.com) Date Dec 4 1842 & location Sophiasburgh Twp. per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 23 2012.; Principal=Lucretia Ritchie^1,3

Isaac Cole¹

• Father*: Simon Isaac Cole¹ b. 1735, d. c Oct 1797
• Mother*: Maria Trumpour² b. 1745

• Birth*: circa 1770; Rhinebeck, New York, U.S.A.; Date of Baptism Jan 26 1770 & Location Rhinebeck per GEDCOM of Richards A. Daley, Nov 24 2012. Date BEFORE Jan 26 Date 1772 & location Rhinebeck, NY per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 22 2012. per IGI Record.^1,2
• Baptism: 26 January 1770; Rhinebeck, Dutchess Co., New York, U.S.A.; per GEDCOM of Richards A. Daley, Nov 24 2012.²
• Marriage*: before 1803; Ontario; per family tree of Lisa Ouellette on ancestry.com, Nov 22 2012. per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 21 2012. Per IGI Record.
  If birth dates for Hannah are correct then she must be second wife of Isaac. ???; Principal=Hannah Davenport^1,2,3
• Death*: April 1842; Prince Edward Co., Ontario; Date Apr 1842 & location Prince Edward Co. per family tree of Elva_Patterson on ancestry.com, Nov 24 2012.³

• Residence*: 1784; Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward Co., Ontario; "Simon J. Cole was a British loyalist during the American Revolution [see "The Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada by the United Empire Loyalists 1784-1884", Pg 157 Appendix B The U. E. List.,"Soldier in corps not stated (in provision list 1786)" at http://www.ourroots.ca/ ]. He and his brother-in-law Lt. Paul Trumpour (and cousin Dr. Daniel Cole) were part of the Van Alstine party of loyalist refugees who left the port of New York on Sept 8, 1783 & arrived in Quebec on October 8, 1783. The group overwintered in tents at Sorel before continuing on to the Bay of Quinte in boats, but Simon J. Cole & Lt. Paul Trumpour received permission to return to New York state & bring their families out to Ontario by an overland route. Simon J. Cole settled with his family in Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward county, Ontario, Canada in 1784. Some of Simon J. Cole's cousin Dr. Daniel Cole's children also settled in Sophiasburgh township -- so it is important to use BMD dates to distinguish different individuals with similar names living in the same area." per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 23 2012.²

Hannah Davenport¹

• Father*: John Davenport b. b 25 Jan 1740, d. 1789
• Mother*: Annatje Meyer b. b 22 Jan 1749, d. a 1789

• Birth*: 1785; New Platz, New York, U.S.A.; Date 1785 & location New Platz, NY per family tree of Elva_Patterson on ancestry.com, Nov 24 2012. Date 1785 & location NY perfamily tree of Lisa Ouellette on ancestry.com, Nov 22 2012. Date BEFORE Oct 14 1781 & location NY per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 22 2012. per IGI Record.^1,2,3
• Marriage*: before 1803; Ontario; per family tree of Lisa Ouellette on ancestry.com, Nov 22 2012. per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 21 2012. Per IGI Record.
  If birth dates for Hannah are correct then she must be second wife of Isaac. ???; Principal=Isaac Cole^1,2,3
• Death*: 1817; Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward Co., Ontario; Date 1817 & location Sophiasburgh per family tree of Elva_Patterson on ancestry.com, Nov 24 2012.²

• Married Name: before 1803; Cole¹

Simon Isaac Cole^1,2,3

• Father*: Isaac Cool³ b. c 1705
• Mother*: Geesje Traphagen³ b. 1705

• Birth*: 1735; Rhinebeck Flats, Dutchess Co., New York, U.S.A.; Date 1735 per Christening Mar 23 1735 - per family tree of Lorna Cole on ancestry.com. Date 1735 per email from Lorna Cole, Nov 24 2012. Date BEFORE Nov 8 1741 & location Kingston, NY per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 23, 2012. per IGI Record.^2,3,4,5
• Christening: 23 March 1735; Rhinebeck Flats, Dutchess Co., New York, U.S.A.; per family tree of Lorna Cole on ancestry.com, Dec 28 2012.⁵
• Marriage*: 29 May 1765; Dutch Reformed Church, Germantown, New York, U.S.A.; Date May 29 1765 & location Germantown NY per family tree of Lorna Cole on ancestry.com, Dec 28 2012. Date May 29 1765 per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 23, 2012. per GEDCOM of Donna, Apr 1, 2008.; Principal=Maria Trumpour^3,5
• Death*: circa October 1797; Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward Co., Ontario; "(first one to come to Canada. Children were Peter, Christina and Isaac while wife was Maria Trombauer a.k.a Maria Trumpole/, baptised 7 May 1745 in Katsbaan Reformed Church, Wetzel, West Virginia, United States )" per email from Lorna Cole, Nov 24 2012⁴

• Residence: circa 1775; Normand's Kill, Albany Co., New York, U.S.A.; "Note: Simon lived on Normand's Kill in Albany County, NY. He was a Loyalist and moved to Canada. In a claim filed in March 1787, he said that he left his property and lived in the woods before escaping to join the British army in 1777. He cut timber in Canada at Sorel. He moved to the Bay of Quinty. He was listed on the muster rolls of disbanded troops in Adolphustown, Ontario. Simon purchased land in Sophiasburg and asked the government for a grant of 300 acres. Change Date: 29 May 2005 at 01:00:00" per GEDCOM of Richard A. Daley, Nov 24 2012.³
• Residence*: 1784; Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward Co., Ontario; "Simon J. Cole was a British loyalist during the American Revolution [see "The Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada by the United Empire Loyalists 1784-1884", Pg 157 Appendix B The U. E. List.,"Soldier in corps not stated (in provision list 1786)" at http://www.ourroots.ca/ ]. He and his brother-in-law Lt. Paul Trumpour (and cousin Dr. Daniel Cole) were part of the Van Alstine party of loyalist refugees who left the port of New York on Sept 8, 1783 & arrived in Quebec on October 8, 1783. The group overwintered in tents at Sorel before continuing on to the Bay of Quinte in boats, but Simon J. Cole & Lt. Paul Trumpour received permission to return to New York state & bring their families out to Ontario by an overland route. Simon J. Cole settled with his family in Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward county, Ontario, Canada in 1784. Some of Simon J. Cole's cousin Dr. Daniel Cole's children also settled in Sophiasburgh township -- so it is important to use BMD dates to distinguish different individuals with similar names living in the same area." per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 23 2012.³
• Note*: March 1787; Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward Co., Ontario; " ... In a claim filed in March 1787, ... " per GEDCOM of Richard A. Daley, Nov 24 2012.³
• Residence: 16 June 1797; Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward Co., Ontario; "In 1797, Simon applied for a 300 acre grant of land which was supported by P.V. Alstine. The original 100 acres of land near Adophustown that was granted was found to be unfit to cultivate. As well, Simon's two sons, Peter and Isaac Cole had now joined Simon in Canada and thus he applied for a total of 300 acres near Sophiasburg." added to ancestry.com by Lorna Cole Jul 4 2012.⁵

Peter I. Cole¹

• Father*: Isaac Cole¹ b. c 1770, d. Apr 1842
• Mother*: Hannah Davenport¹ b. 1785, d. 1817

• Birth*: circa 1804; Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward Co., Ontario; per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 21 2012. per IGI Record.^1,2
• Marriage*: circa 1840; Ontario; per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 21 2012. per IGI Record.; Principal=Mary Ann Trickey^1,2
• Death*: 1857; Ontario; "Peter I. drowned in 1857" per email from Lorna Cole, Nov 24 2012. per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 21 2012.^2,3

Mary Ann Trickey¹

• Birth*: 1815; U.S.A.; Date 1816 & location USA per 1891 Census. Date 1816 7 location CW per 1861 Census. Date 1815 & location USA per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 21 2012.^1,2,3,4
• Marriage*: circa 1840; Ontario; per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 21 2012. per IGI Record.; Principal=Peter I. Cole^1,2

• Married Name: circa 1840; Cole¹
• Census: April 1861; Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward Co., Ontario; Age 46 at 1861 Census: Cole, Mary Ann, 46, b. CW, EM, widow; Zachariah, 19, b.; CW, EM, lab., single; Samuel, 15; Peter, 6; Hanah, 13; Melisa, 10; Rachel, 6 (1861 Census: Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward Co., pg. 477 of 605, line 45 - ancestry.com)⁴
• Census*: April 1891; Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward Co., Ontario; Age 75 at 1891 Census: see Zachariah Cole (son)³

John Cole Jr.^1,2,3

• Father*: John Cole² b. 1813, d. 9 Jan 1888
• Mother*: Lydia Whitney² b. 1812

• Birth*: 7 July 1842; Cramahe Twp., Northumberland Co., Canada West; Date Jul 7 1843 & location Ont. rural per 1901 Census. Date 1842 & location Ont. per 1891 Census. Date 1842 & location Ont. per 1881 Census. Date 1842 & location Ont. per 1871 Census. Date 1842 & location UC per 1861 Census. Date 1842 & location Cda. per 1851 Census. per IGI Record.^{2,4,5,6,7,8,9}
• Marriage*: 1 January 1863; Brighton Twp., Northumberland Co., Canada West; per IGI Record.; Principal=Mary "Polly" Palmateer²

• Census: 1852; Brighton Twp., Northumberland Co., Canada West; Age 9 at 1851 Census: see John Cole⁶
• Census: April 1861; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Canada West; Age 19 at 1861 Census: see John Cole⁵
• Census*: April 1871; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 29 at 1871 Census: Cole, John, 29, b. Ont., Dutch, WM, farmer, married; Mary, 23, b. Ont., Dutch, WM, married; Norman, 8; Edwin W., 6; Richard W., 4; Victoria, 1; Mary E., 2 months - Feb 1881 (1871 Census: Murra yTwp., div. 3, pg. 16, line 14 - Conc 8, Lot 22, tenant)⁴
• Residence*: April 1871; Conc 8 Lot 22, Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Residence per 1871 Census: Conc 8, Lot 22, Murray Twp., tenant.⁴
• Residence: 1878; Conc 8 Lot 22, Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; County Atlas Map: Name: John Cole, Jr.; Township: Murray; County: Northumberland; Date: 1878; Conc & Lot: VIII, 22 - 100 (John Cole Sr. is in other 100 acres on this lot. John Cole Sr.'s brother Simon has Lot 21. Murray Marsh - Cole Island)³
• Census: April 1881; Marmora & Lake Twp.'s, Hastings Co., Ontario; Age 39 at 1881 Census: Cole, John, 39, b. Ont., Ger., EM, farmer, married; Polly, 34, b. Ont., Ger., Em, married; ?Norman?(m), 17; Edwin, 15; Watson, 14; Victoria, 11; Lisebeth, 10; David, 9; William, 7; Burt, 4 (1881 Census: Marmora & Lake Twp.'s, Hastings Co., dist. 122, sub-dist. f, pg. 6, line 21 - ancestry.com)⁸
• Census: April 1891; Marmora & Lake Twp.'s, Hastings Co., Ontario; Age 49 at 1891 Census: Cole, John, 49, b. Ont., p.b. Ont., Meth., farmer, widower; Edward, 26, b. Ont., p.b. Ont., Meth., farmer, single; Minnie, 21, b. Ont., p.b. Ont., Meth., single; David, 19; William 17; Burt, 15; Frederic, 9; Edi(f), 7 (1891 Census: Marmora & Lake Twp.'s, Hastings Co., dist. 74, sub-dist. j-3, pg. 1, line 1 - ancestry.com)⁷
• Census: April 1901; Marmora & Lake Twp.'s, North Hastings Co.; Age 57 at 1901 Census: Cole, John, 57, b. Ont. r. Jul 7 1843, Ger., Meth., farmer, married; Eda, 17, b. Ont. r. Feb 10 1884, daughter; Bert, 24, b. Ont. r. May 24 1876, Ger., Meth., farmer, son, single; Frederick, 20, b. Ont. r. Sep 19 1880, Ger., Meth., farmer, son, single; Veda, 1, b. Ont. r. May 18 1899, daughter (1901 Census: Marmora & Lake Twp.'s, North Hastings Co., dist. 71, sub-dist. j-2, pg. 16, line 26 - ancestry.com)(Says M - married - but no wife around?? - should say W.)⁹

John Cole¹

• Father*: Isaac Cole b. c 1770, d. Apr 1842
• Mother*: Hannah Davenport b. 1785, d. 1817

• Birth*: 1813; Sophiasburgh Twp., Prince Edward Co., Upper Canada; Date 1813 & location Ont. per 1881 Census. Date 1816 & location Ont. per 1871 Census. Date 1812 & location UC per 1861 Census. Date 1812 & location Cda. per 1851 Census. Date 1813 & location Prince Edward Co. per Death Reg'n. per marriage reg'n. of son Simon Cole. per IGI Record. John Cole is a son of John Cole and Sophia Redner per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 21 2012.^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
• Marriage*: before 1830; Ontario; per 1851 Census. per 1861 Census. per IGI Record.; Principal=Lydia Whitney^1,4,7
• Death*: 9 January 1888; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Death Reg'n.#012494: Name: John Cole; Date: Jan 9 1888; Age: 75; Born: Prince Edward Co.; Occ.: farmer; Cause: died suddenly; Phys.: Dr. McRae; Inf.: Rev. S. A. Dupreau; Reg'd.: Jan 13 1888; Rel.: Meth.; Reg'r.: T. R. Garratt (Ontario Death Registration, #0124949-1888, ancestry.com)⁹

• Census: 1839; Cramahe Twp., Northumberland Co., Upper Canada; 1839 Census: John Cole; 2 males under 16; 2 male over 16; 2 females under 16; 1 female over 16
• Census: 1848; Conc 9 Lot 5, Cramahe Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; 1848 Census: John Cole; Conc 9, Lot 5, occ., non-prop.; farmer
• Census: 1850; Conc 9 Lot 5, Cramahe Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; 1850 Census: John Cole; Conc 9, Lot 5, occ., non-prop.; Total Persons: 10
• Residence: 1852; Conc 9 Lot 5, Brighton Twp., Northumberland Co., Canada West; Residence per 1851 Census: Conc 9, Lot 5, Brighton Twp.⁷
• Census: 1852; Brighton Twp., Northumberland Co., Canada West; Age 39 at 1851 Census: Cole, John, 39, b. Cda., Pres., farmer, married; Lydia, 41, b. USA, Pres., married; William, 20, b. Cda.; Lucinda, 19; Hannah, 17; Richard, 14; John, 13; Edwin, 9; Samuel, 6; Emily, 3; Lydia, 1; Mark, James, 25, b. Cda., Pres., lab., single (1851 Census: Brighton Twp., pg. 3 of 160, line 41 - Conc 9, Lot 5, 100 acres)
  Note: The pages of the 1851 Census for Brighton Twp. are mixed up here. Lydia Cole and James Mark are at the top of the page labelled "2" on the physical page, and 3 of 160 per ancestry.ca. You have to go to the next page with names, 5 of 160, labelled 3, to see the John Cole family at the bottom. This sort of mixing of the pages is very common with this census.⁷
• Census: April 1861; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 49 at 1861 Census: Cole, John, 49, b. UC, CE, yeoman, married; Lydia, 49, b. UC, CE, married; John, 19; Simon, 14; Jacob, 6; Charity, 12; Sarah, 8 (1861 Census: Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., pg. 38 of 899, line 10 - ancestry.com)⁴
• Census*: April 1871; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 55 at 1871 Census: Cole, John, 55, b. Ont., Dutch, WM, farmer, married; Lydia, 59, b. US, Dutch, WM, married; Simon, 23, b. Ont., Dutch, WM, farmer, single; Sarah, 19; James, 15 (1871 Census: Murray Twp., div. 3, pg. 16, line 9 - Conc 8, Lot 22, 55 acres, tenant)³
• Residence*: April 1871; Conc 8 Lot 22, Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Residence per 1871 Census: Conc 8, Lot 22, 55 acres, tenant.³
• Residence: 1878; Conc 8 Lot 22, Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; County Atlas Map: Name: John Cole, Sr.; Township: Murray; County: Northumberland; Date: 1878; Conc & Lot: VIII, 22 - 100 acres (This is Murray Marsh - far west boundary of Murray. Cole Island is easterly-most island in Murray Marsh. Brother Simon is in lot 21.¹⁰
• Census: April 1881; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 69 at 1881 Census: Cole, John, 68, b. Ont., Scot., EM, farmer, married; Lilia, 69, b. USA, married; Sarah, 28, b. Ont., Scot., EM; James V., 17, b. Ont. (familysearch.org)⁶

Lydia Whitney¹

• Father*: William Bartholamew Whitney b. 4 Oct 1778, d. Apr 1842
• Mother*: Lydia Anne Lawrence b. 21 Dec 1785, d. 1864

• Birth*: 1812; U.S.A.; Date 1812 & location USA per 1881 Census. Date 1812 & location US per 1871 Census. Date 1812 & location UC per 1861 Census. Date 1810 & location USA per 1851 Census. per marriage reg'n. of son Simon Cole. per IGI Record. Lydia Whitney is daughter of William Bartholamew Whitney & Lydia Anne Lawrence per GEDCOM of Richard Lander, Nov 21 2012.^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
• Marriage*: before 1830; Ontario; per 1851 Census. per 1861 Census. per IGI Record.; Principal=John Cole^1,4,6

• Married Name: before 1842; Cole¹
• Census: 1852; Brighton Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 41 at 1851 Census: see John Cole⁶
• Census: April 1861; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 49 at 1861 Census: see John Cole⁴
• Census*: April 1871; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 59 at 1871 Census: see John Cole³
• Census: April 1881; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 69 at 1881 Census: see John Cole⁵

Sarah Cole¹

• Father*: John Cole b. 1813, d. 9 Jan 1888
• Mother*: Lydia Whitney b. 1812

• Birth*: 25 January 1853; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Date Jan 25 1853 & location Ont. rural per 1901 Census. Date 1853 & location Ont. per 1891 Census. Date 1853 & location Ont. per 1881 Census. Date 1852 & location Ont. per 1871 Census. Date 1853 & location UC per 1861 Census.^1,2,3,4,5

• Census: April 1861; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 8 at 1861 Census: see John Cole³
• Census: April 1871; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 19 at 1871 Census: see John Cole²
• Census: April 1881; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 28 at 1881 Census: see John Cole⁴
• Census: April 1891; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 38 at 1891 Census: see Rhoda Cole (sister-in-law)⁵
• Census*: April 1901; Murray Twp., Northumberland Co., Ontario; Age 48 at 1901 Census: see Rhoda Cole (sister-in-law)¹